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Tips On Working With 3Ware RAID Controllers

3Ware RAID controllers are dependable, reliable controllers,capable of decent throughput, which are supported by many versions of Linixi.For IDE drives, the 7000 series controllers are often available in thediscount/auction market for very little money, especially the 7006-2. ForSATA drives, the 9500 series controllers are likewise available for discountprices, especially the 9500S-LP. These notes are geared towards working withthose cards, although they are extensible to other models of the 3Warecontrollers.

The steps to physically setting up a RAID array using the 3Warecontrollers are covered quite well in their instructions. These areadditional notes that address topics that aren't covered by the traditionaldocumentation.

Installing 3DM2

Most versions of Linux come with device drivers built-in,for the 3Ware cards. All that remains to be installed is the 3Ware managementprogram which can be installed to monitor and manage the RAID arrays on asystem using either commands or a Web-based UI.

To install this package, get the latest version of it fromthe 3Ware Web site (you can use the 3DM2 supplied for the 9000 seriescontrollers, with the 7000 series controllers):

http://www.3ware.com/support/download.asp.

To get the proper software, one can pick the 9690SA (or9690SA-4I) series of controllers and then the combined 3DM2 and CLI package.In the past, the version that we have downloaded is the Linux 32-bit version:

3DM2_CLI-Linux_x86-9.5.0.1.tgz.

For this version, unpack the file as Joe User:

tar -xvzf 3DM2_CLI-Linux_x86-9.5.0.1.tgz

Run the resulting binary as root:

su
setupLinux_x86.bin -console

You'll love answering the quesions using only the number keys.We pick /usr/local/3Ware as the install directory (mainly because we can'tremember who AMCC is, apart from the local movie theatre). Some versionsof the installer always want to use a TLD of AMCC so they will actually putthings in /usr/local/3Ware/AMCC, which makes no nevermind to us. But, ifyou want one less directory level, you could pick /usr/local/AMCC.

We usually want to use 'root' as the recipient of the localemail messages but the 'Wizard' won't allow it (only addresses of the formyou@bug.me). But, after it is done 'configuring' your system, you can go to/etc/3dm2/3dm2.conf and simply put in 'root'.

Currently, we are using the 10.2.1 Linux version:

3DM2_CLI-Linux_10.2.1_9.5.4.tgz

For this version, and despite its being meant for Linux, theclever guys at LSI Corp (the new home for 3Ware) have decided to packagethe 3DM2 CLI as a zip file. So, you're going to need something (like WindozeZip) that can unpack the zip file. We unpack it on a Windoze box, copy it toa Linux box, and then make a new tar file, which we can then use as normal.This is completely up to you. You could just unzip the package and copy thefiles to your Linux system.

Once you have the package unpacked, run the resulting shellscript as root:

su
./install.sh -i

Answer 'Y' to the 'agree to the license' prompt and thenpick '0' to install both the CLI and Web interface. The install script doeseverything else for you. There are no other questions to answer.

If you wish to tune 3DM2, particularly if you want it to usea Web port other than 888, you can directly edit /etc/3dm2/3dm2.conf. Weprefer to use port 7080. After editing /etc/3dm2/3dm2.conf, 3DM2 needs tobe recycled (see below).

Once the install is done, 3DM2 should start automagically.In addition, it will start itself whenever the system boots. If you want tostart/stop it manually, its in /etc/init.d, called tdm2 (that's intuitive):

/etc/rc.d/init.d/tdm2 start
/etc/rc.d/init.d/tdm2 stop

To view the controller's staus from the Web, you need to useHTTPS, not HTTP. The first time around, you need to accept the boguscertificate from the system running 3DM2 (pay no attention to all of thewhining that FireFox or IE does). If you picked port 7080 to run it under,try this:

https://localhost:7080/

After a fresh install, the secret passwords are '3ware'. Youcan change them, if you want.

If you receive a connection reset error when you connect tothe 3DM2 Web page, you should check out KB16625 for a fix:

Monitoring RAID Array Disks with SMART

If the disks used in a RAID array that is attached to a3Ware controller are SMART enabled, they can be monitored by the SMARTdaemon smartd.

To monitor the disks in the array, install smartd in theusual manner (either by selecting it from your operating system's packagemanager or installing it from the source directly). Once this is done, hackthe sample configuration file (/etc/smartd.conf) that comes with smartd asshown here, in this case to monitor 3Ware-controlled SATA disks:

If your array uses older, IDE disks, hack the sampleconfiguration file (/etc/smartd.conf) that comes with smartd as shown here:

You may have noticed, from inspection of the two config filesnippets shown above, that the name of the 3Ware device depends on whichdevice driver is employed. The older 3w-xxxx driver names the array device/dev/twen (where 'n' is the device number). The newer 3w-9xxx driver namesthe array device /dev/twan (where 'n' is, once again, the device number).

In either case, the entire array appears as a single device.It might also be named /dev/sda to appear transparent to existing softwareand packages but SMART always uses the twa or twe device names.

To monitor and test individual devices in the array, the'-d 3ware,...' parameter is used to tell SMART that the array is a 3Warearray and to select which device is of interest. The devices in the arrayare numbered starting from zero, up to n-1 where n is the number ofphysical disks in the array.

This naming convention can also be used with the smartctlcommand to list or set the SMART information associated with an specificdisk. For example, to list all SMART information for the first IDE drive ina RAID array, use this command:

su
/usr/sbin/smartctl -a -d 3ware,0 /dev/twe0

To list all SMART information for the second SATA drive ina different RAID array, use this command:

su
/usr/sbin/smartctl -a -d 3ware,1 /dev/twa0

Recovering From A Disk Failure

When one disk in a 2-disk array goes bad, the following stepsshould allow you to recover the array (these steps also work for creating abrand new array from a cloned drive):

1. Move the good disk to Slot 0. You can leave it in Slot 1, if it was already there but, for some reason, some of the controller cards seem to recover better if the good disk is in Slot 0.
2. Insert a new, blank disk in Slot 1. If the disk isn't blank and has been used in a 3Ware array before, see the steps below about deleting the array and starting over. Alternately, you can put the disk in a standalone Linux or Unix box and use the following command to zero out the first few tracks to make the RAID controller think it is blank (assuming the disk is in the hdc slot):

   dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hdc bs=512 count=1024

3. Boot the machine with the original and new drives in it.
4. Press Alt-3 to bring up the 3Ware BIOS utility.
5. Select the new, blank disk and the existing RAID array (i.e. the original disk or disks).
6. Select 'Rebuild'.
7. You can try accepting the default setting to 'Halt on source errors', the first time around.
8. Press F8 to save the changes and continue with booting (answer the obvious questions, first).
9. Once the machine boots up, the array should rebuild itself after about 10 minutes have elapsed. It may take several hours. Your only absolute clue that it is done is when the activity light on the controller card (a tiny, chip LED just beside the IDE connectors on the 7006-2, or next to the J3 connector on the 9500S-LP) stops flashing. However, while the array is being rebuilt, the activity lights on any removable drive bays, or any lights connected to the status light header pins will be on almost solidly and, if 3DM is installed, you will see an indicator that the array is being rebuilt as well as a percentage progress indicator on the 3DM Web page.
10. Or, you could just run the rebuild overnight, while you're napping.
11. Reboot the machine.
12. Press Alt-3 to bring up the 3Ware BIOS utility.
13. Observe the state of the array. If the newly added drive is marked unused and the array marked degraded, the array did not get rebuilt properly.

In the event that an array did not get rebuilt properly or ifyou are reusing a disk that was previously in an array, you can follow thesesteps to delete the failed/previous array information from the disk and startover (or see the procedure using dd, above).

1. Shut down the machine.
2. Remove the original, good disk.
3. Boot up the machine with only the disk to be deleted in the array.
4. Press Alt-3 to bring up the 3Ware BIOS utility.
5. Select the array (which will now be marked incomplete) and then select Delete.
6. Shut down the system, reinsert the original, good disk and boot the machine back up.

Should an array fail to rebuild properly, you can try thefollowing steps to get it to do so, despite the occasional I/O error.

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1. Make sure all of the disks that will be in the array are installed in the machine. The original, good disk should be in Slot 0, if possible.
2. Boot the machine.
3. Press Alt-3 to bring up the 3Ware BIOS utility.
4. Select the new, disk and the existing RAID array.
5. Select 'Rebuild'.
6. This time, select the 'Ignore source errors' setting.
7. Press F8 to save the changes and continue with booting (answer the obvious questions, first).
8. Once the machine boots up, the array should rebuild itself after about 10 minutes have elapsed (see above for how to tell when its done).
9. Reboot the machine.
10. Press Alt-3 to bring up the 3Ware BIOS utility.
11. Once again, observe the state of the array. If the newly added drive is now part of the array, you're in business. If it is not or the array is still marked degraded, the array did not get rebuilt properly. You might want to run diagnostics on the disks you're using and/or replace the controller card.

Cloning A Disk

If you'd like to clone a disk for use in another system or withanother controller card, this is the preferred method for doing so (althoughyou will be facing a short period of time, while the array is being rebuilt,when you only have one copy of the disk). You can proceed as outlined abovein 'Recovering From A Disk Failure' to make a duplicate of a good drive from aworking array. Start with the original drive in Slot 0 and the clone drive inSlot 1. Follow the steps for recovering from a degraded array.

Once the array with the new drive has been rebuilt, you can shutdown the machine and remove the new drive. You should be able to move the newdrive to another controller card and proceed to build a working array from itwith a second new drive.

Meanwhile, when you insert the original Slot 1 drive back intothe system, the RAID controller will degrade the array and you will have torebuild it again. You should first delete the prior array information from theoriginal Slot 1 drive, as outlined above, either by removing the Slot 0 driveand then deleting the array or by using dd to write zeros over the first fewtracks.

Copying A Disk

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If you are having problems with an array and want a spare copyof the good drive (e.g. before you do anything to the failing array) withoutresorting to the controller-assisted cloning method described above or youjust want to make a copy of a good drive without exposing yourself duringthat short period when there's only one good drive in your array, you canmake a copy of a drive as outlined below.

Once you've done this, in the case of a failing drive you cando your blasting on the copied drive and save the old drive, just in caseyour recovery efforts don't succeed and you need to go back. For juststraight copies, you can put the original drive back in the array and itshould start up without the need to rebuild.

1. Put the disk to be copied (after a failure, presumably this is the drive that is still good) in the Secondary/Master slot of a Linux machine that has dd, or better yet sg_dd, installed on it.
2. Put the disk you're copying to into the Primary/Slave slot of the same machine.
3. Boot the machine and copy the entire original disk to the new disk. This script (named copydisks) can be used to ensure no mistakes:

   To do the copy, run:

   ./copydisks

   Note that the disk image may be too big for sg_dd or dd to copy all in one operation, in which case the copy will end short of the whole disk. If that happens, you can restart the copy simply by running sg_dd or dd, beginning from just before where copying gave up. For example:

   sg_dd skip=1234567 seek=1234567 bs=...

4. After you've copied the whole disk, you can keep it for back-em-up porpoises.

If you want to put the disk into the existing RAID array, useit to build a totally new array for a duplicate machine, or for some otherprocedure that requires it be connected to a 3Ware controller, you will firstneed to alter the disk serial number in the first track of the drive.

When the 3Ware controller builds the array, it puts the serialnumbers of the drives in the array into a control block that it writes to thefirst track of each of the array's drives. The act of copying the drive makesthe serial numbers be mismatched (i.e. the copy contains the original drive'sserial number but the drive it is copied to has a new, different serialnumber).

To make the copy acceptable to a 3Ware controller, you need touse your favorite disk editing program to locate the original disk's serialnumber and update it to the new disk's serial number. At that point, youshould be able to proceed, using the new disk, as outlined above in'Recovering From A Disk Failure'.

Expanding An Array's Size

Expanding an array's size is complicated principally by thefact that the only thing that will touch the array's drives is the 3Warecontroller. You could try putting two controller cards in one system, asthere is no physical reason preventing it. However, the crap operating systemsoftware (especially Linux) out there may not be too keen on booting up thisconfiguration.

Better to use a separate IDE drive as a temporary copy buffer,as outlined in the following steps (incidentally, these steps asume you'reexpanding a Linux drive, not Windows):

1. Get a pair of brand new disks and a controller card and put them in a separate machine (either that or shut down and use the machine with the existing array). You will need a machine with an available PCI slot as well as a separate IDE connection, plus a CD or DVD drive. Remove anything else in the way of disks and/or exotic hardware, since you only want the new disks and the single controller card installed in the machine at this time.
2. You will need a copy of the install CD for the system that is already on the array disk that will be expanded.
3. Boot the machine.
4. Press Alt-3 to bring up the 3Ware BIOS utility.
5. Select the two new disks.
6. Choose Build to build the array.
7. Once you've done this, press F8 to save the configuration and proceed with booting from the OS install CD.
8. Install the identical OS to the one on the old array (e.g. Linux).
9. Be sure to partition the disk exactly the same as the original array (except that you can grow the last partition to fill the remainder of the array drives). If you change the sizes of any partitions except the last one, you will be in trouble. Here is a typical layout that is often used:
10. When the install is done, shut the machine down.
11. Hook up a third disk to the IDE connection. It helps if all disks are identical in size (especially in the case of the RAID array).
12. Boot the system with either the OS Install disk in CD/DVD drive or a disk partitioner (such as Acronis Partition Expert). If you use the OS Install Disk, proceed to install another copy of the OS on the third, IDE disk until you get to the part where the disks get partitioned. If you use the partitioner, create matching partitions on the third, IDE disk to those on the array being expanded.
13. Remove the third, IDE drive from the machine and hook it up to the original system (Primary/Master). Or, if you're only using one system, remove the new array and hook back up the original array.
14. Insert a stand-alone Linux CD (e.g. Knoppix) in the machine's CD/DVD drive.
15. Boot from this CD. For Knoppix, the boot command is:

    failsafe 2

16. After the boot is complete, copy all of the partitions, one by one, from the original array to the IDE drive:

    dd bs-65536 if=/dev/sda1 of=/dev/hda1
    dd bs-65536 if=/dev/sda3 of=/dev/hda3

    Note that we're assuming it was a Linux system with three partitions, one of which (/dev/hda2) was the swap partition.

17. Shut the system down.
18. Either swap the old array with the new array or transport the IDE drive back to the system that has the new array.
19. Boot again from the stand-alone Linux CD (e.g. Knoppix), in the machine's CD/DVD drive. For Knoppix, the boot command is:

    failsafe 2

20. You can copy all of the partitions (excluding swap and the last one) with DD, since they are identical in size. For example:

    dd bs=65536 if=/dev/hda1 of=/dev/sda1

21. The last partition can be copied using the machine's file system and regular copy commands. This will preserve the size of the destination file system. Or you can just use dd and rebuild the file system later on. The next steps describe how to do the copy using the machine's file system:

    dd bs=65536 if=/dev/hda1 of=/dev/sda1
    mkdir /mnt/in
    mkdir /mnt/out
    mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/out
    rm -rf /mnt/out/*
    mount /dev/hda3 /mnt/in
    cp -rfp /mnt/in/* /mnt/out

22. Once the copy completes, remove the boot CD.
23. Shut the system down and disconnect the IDE drive.
24. Insert the OS install CD, once again, into the CD/DVD drive.
25. Boot the OS install disk and follow the steps for rescue.
26. Allow it to find and mount the existing OS.
27. Verify the integrity of the file systems on the new array:

    fsck.ext3 /dev/sda1
    fsck.ext3 /dev/sda3

28. Ignore any messages about how bad it is to recover a mounted file system.
29. Change to the newly mounted file system:

    chroot /mnt/sysimage

30. Repair the boot loader (assuming you're using grub):

    /sbin/grub
    > find /grub/stage1

    or, if that fails

    > find /boot/grub/stage1
    > root (hd0,0) (use the correct address from the find command)
    > setup (hd0)
    > quit

31. You should now be able to boot from the newly expanded RAID array.

Migrating A SATA/IDE Drive To An Array

If you wish to migrate the existing SATA or IDE drive ordrives of a Linux system to a RAID array you can use whatever method youchoose to copy the drive(s) to the array.

The array must be set up, connected to a controller andinstalled in a system. It can be the existing system or it might be a new,upgraded system that will eventually run the array.

One way to do the copy is to install the original disk andthe controller/array in the same system. The array is built and then oneboots up a standalone OS (such as Knoppix), from a CD or USB stick, that canbe used to partition the array, copy partiton data from the original driveto the array, expand array partitions, etc.

Another way to do the copy is to install the controller/arrayin a separate system that has a network connection, build the array and thenboot up a standalone OS (such as Knoppix), from a CD or USB stick, that canonce again be used to partition the array and run lftp. Once the array ispartitioned, lftp is used to mirror the file system over the network, onetop-level directory at a time. For example:

su
mount /dev/sda3 /media/sda3
cd /media/sda3
lftp 192.168.1.1 -u root
[secret password]
mirror -a /bin bin
mirror -a /etc etc
mirror -a /home home
.
.
.

You probably only need to create a top-level directory for/boot, if your system mounts a separate partition (e.g. /dev/sda1) on/boot. In that case, you'll need to copy the /boot partition separatelybut, otherwise, you should copy the /boot sub-directory too. Either do:

mkdir boot

or do:

mirror -a /boot boot

You should definitely not copy the /dev and /proc directories,instead just create their place holders (since the OS builds their contenton the fly):

mkdir dev
mkdir proc

We have successfully used this technique to migrate a runningversion of Linux to a new RAID array on a separate system. The onlydifficulty occurred when the /var directory was mirrored. Some of the lockfiles in /var/lock and /var/run could not be copied by FTP. The solutionwas to mirror the directory on the original system, in a user's homedirectory, and the copy the mirror. On the original system:

cp --preserve -R /var /home/jblow/var_mirror

On the system with the array, under lftp:

mirror -a /home/jblow/var_mirror var

Note that, for FTP to be able to copy all of the systemfiles, you may have to allow root to log in to FTP on the original system.If the original system is running VSFTPD, you need to hack the files:/etc/vsftpd/ftpusers and /etc/vsftpd/user_list and comment out the linewith 'root' on it, in each of the files. Then, restart VSFTPD:

/etc/init.d/vsftpd restart

If you need to set up a swap partiton, you can do so likethis:

su
mkswap /dev/sda2

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Once all of the partitions have been created, you mustinstall the boot loader (Linux uses GRUB) on the disk. As above, you canavoid the trouble of setting up the boot sector with the boot loader byjust copying the first few tracks of the source disk directly with dd.However, since we've already set up the partition table, we must do thecopy very carefully to avoid wiping it out. First begin by copying theboot loader from the original system to a file:

dd bs=512 count=63 if=/dev/hda of=/home/joeblow/BootLoader.dump

Now, on the system with the RAID array:

su
cd /ramdisk
lftp 192.168.1.1 -u root
[secret password]
cd /home/joeblow
get BootLoader.dump
quit
dd bs=446 count=1 if=BootLoader.dump of=/dev/sda
dd bs=2 skip=255 seek=255 count=1 if=BootLoader.dump of=/dev/sda
dd bs=512 skip=1 seek=1 count=62 if=/BootLoader.dump of=/dev/sda

This copies the first 446 bytes of the first sector (a.k.a.the MBR), which contains the boot loader code. It skips over the next 64bytes, which contain the partition table. Then, it copies the two-bytemagic cookie that defines it as the MBR. Finally, it copies the next 62sectors (a.k.a. the DOS Compat Space), which contain the GRUB 1.5 code.Once that is done, you should have a bootable disk that is partitioned theway you want it.

You might want to test that the system can boot the disk(admittedly, it might not get far but you should at least see GRUB Stage1.5 running), before you proceed any further.

You should now go and tune up the grub.conf (or menu.lst)file in the /boot/grub directory, the /etc/fstab file, any networking filesthat will be affected by a change in the NIC (if you're using a new system),and any other files that may be need to get the sytem running.

And, if your system experiences a kernel panic, that says theroot and other file systems cannot be found, when the system is booted, itis probably due to the initrd image not containing the 3Ware device drivers.These drivers are included among the kernel modules by default, for all laterversions of the Linux kernel, but the initrd image from the original systemprobably didn't include them. This can be fixed by going back to theoriginal system and building a new initrd image (this must be done on arunning system) that includes the appropriate drivers. For the 7000-seriesRAID controllers, you should do:

/sbin/mkinitrd -v -f --with=3w-xxxx --with=scsi_mod --with=sd_mod
/boot/initrd-`uname -r`.img.new `uname -r`

For the 9500-series RAID controllers, you should do:

/sbin/mkinitrd -v -f --with=3w-9xxx --with=scsi_mod --with=sd_mod
/boot/initrd-`uname -r`.img.new `uname -r`

The new initrd image should then be FTPed to the newsystem with the RAID array and renamed to replace the existing initrd image.Your system should then boot with no problems.

Getting Your Data Off The Array

As was mentioned above, the only thing that will touch thedisks in the array is the RAID controller. This can present a problem,should you ever wish to have a non-RAID-managed copy of the data (e.g.you'd like a regular, bootable disk that doesn't need the RAID controllerto run).

The procedure for doing so is basically outlined above in'Expanding An Array's Size'. Essentially, you cofigure a system with aRAID controller, with the array connected, plus a non-RAID (i.e. IDE orSATA) drive.

You boot up the system with your favorite copy software andproceed to create new partitions on the non-RAID drive. Then, you do apartition-by-partition copy, instead of copying the drive directly on atrack-by-track basis.

Once the copying is done, you may need to reinstall the bootloader, if the disk is supposed to be bootable. All the steps aredescribed above.

Category: Systems and controllers
Manufacturer: AMCC
Caution Level: Intermediate
Download File Size: 0.45MB
Operating System: Windows XP/2000/2003
Latest Version / Release Date: 2.6.3.40 / 06 Feb 2006

Windows device driver information for AMCC 3ware 9500S SATA RAID Controller

The AMCC 3ware 9500S SATA RAID Controller is a device that operates at high speeds, characteristic common with RAID’s high performances. This device is capable of transferring huge amounts of data which is 400MB and beyond. This it does at rates of 100MB per second and this works at greatly increasing the output while cutting down on operation costs. it comes with a dual processor, a feature that works at ensuring that data transfer rates remain high. The AMCC 3ware 9500S SATA RAID Controller is also composed of the SATA ports which allow for expansions to enhance connectivity. this also makes installation easy and using the device becomes easy as well since users will only plug it in and play. The management functions on the AMCC 3ware 9500S SATA RAID Controller are intelligent and the versatility of this device allows for expansion as well.

Outdated Drivers?

Unless you update your drivers regularly you may face hardware performance issues.

To check your drivers you should manually verify every device on your system for driver updates

The AMCC 3ware 9500S SATA RAID Controller comes with LED indicators which light up to alert the user on the device’s operations. It will blink with differently colored lights to show the different activities the device is carrying out. Some of them include when it is on active mode, inactive and at standby. This device can be shared in the workplace and this reduces operation costs. different activities can be carried out on it simultaneously. The AMCC 3ware 9500S SATA RAID Controller has drive support for SATA and it can take up to four of them. It is mostly used by those people in massive video editing and those who deal with Departmental servers. It comes with a three year manufactures warranty. it is compatible with operating systems for Microsoft windows XP, 2000 and 2003. it will also work best with FreeBSD, RedHat Linux and SuSE. It is highly recommended you run a free registry scan for Windows and AMCC 3ware 9500S SATA RAID Controller errors before installing any driver updates.